Introductory Topics
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Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
Thermoregulation via sweating
Childbirth contractions via oxytocin release
Blood clotting via fibrin action
Ovulation via the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge
Lactation via prolactin production
Explanation
Homeostasis is the tendency of a system to maintain internal equilibrium. As such, negative feedback is a very important component of homeostasis because negative feedback loops are often self-regulating, and are usually very stable. Negative feedback processes result in reduction to change from equilibrium by inhibiting processes that deviate from equilibrium.
When body temperature rises, negative feedback through thermoregulation helps to cool the body back to equilibrium temperature. This is achieved through peripheral vasodilation, increased breathing rate, and sweating.
In contrast, positive feedback is when a process reinforces and amplifies deviations from equilibrium. The luteinizing hormone (LH) surge during ovulation and uterine contractions during child birth are rare examples of positive feedback in biology.
Carbohydrates are composed of which of the following elements?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen
Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen
Explanation
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, cellulose, and chitin. Carbohydrates can be organized into four chemical groups including: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The small carbohydrates called monosaccharides and disaccharides are typically referred to as sugars. Carbohydrates perform many roles in living organisms most notably energy and structural components (e.g. cellulose and chitin).
Which of the following is an example of negative feedback inhibition?
A cell senses that the concentration of a protein is too high and represses transcription of the gene encoding the protein
A cell senses too much sugar in the blood and turns on transcription of the insulin gene
A cells senses too little sugar in the blood and turns on transcription of the glucagon gene
A cell senses that there is too little of a protein within a cell and activates transcription of the gene encoding the protein
Explanation
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when "too much" of a substance results in decreased production of the same or a different substance. If having too much of a protein in a cell results in decreased transcription of the gene encoding the protein, then the protein was regulated by negative feedback. Another example (not listed here) would be the presence of too much sugar in the blood and repression of the glucagon gene to reduce production of sugar by other tissues.
While insulin and glucagon act in a negative feedback system, the question specifically asks for negative feedback inhibition. Turning on genes for insulin or glucagon would play a role in negative feedback, but would qualify as stimulation rather than inhibition.
Which of the following processes is an example of negative feedback?
Regulation of body temperature
Childbirth
Breastfeeding
Fever
Blood clotting
Explanation
Negative feedback is the process of reestablishing a physiological set point. This is a corrective process. For example, during exercise, the body temperature increases. Negative feedback loops help bring the body temperature back down towards the set point of by stimulating perspiration, dilating blood vessels to the extremities, etc. Positive feedback works in a way that exacerbates the effects of a stimulus. For example, during blood clotting, platelets bunch together in the area surrounding a wound. This causes more platelets to "get stuck" on the existing clump of platelets, causing further clotting.
Which of the following is an example of negative feedback inhibition?
A cell senses that the concentration of a protein is too high and represses transcription of the gene encoding the protein
A cell senses too much sugar in the blood and turns on transcription of the insulin gene
A cells senses too little sugar in the blood and turns on transcription of the glucagon gene
A cell senses that there is too little of a protein within a cell and activates transcription of the gene encoding the protein
Explanation
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when "too much" of a substance results in decreased production of the same or a different substance. If having too much of a protein in a cell results in decreased transcription of the gene encoding the protein, then the protein was regulated by negative feedback. Another example (not listed here) would be the presence of too much sugar in the blood and repression of the glucagon gene to reduce production of sugar by other tissues.
While insulin and glucagon act in a negative feedback system, the question specifically asks for negative feedback inhibition. Turning on genes for insulin or glucagon would play a role in negative feedback, but would qualify as stimulation rather than inhibition.
Which of the following is an example of negative feedback inhibition?
A cell senses that the concentration of a protein is too high and represses transcription of the gene encoding the protein
A cell senses too much sugar in the blood and turns on transcription of the insulin gene
A cells senses too little sugar in the blood and turns on transcription of the glucagon gene
A cell senses that there is too little of a protein within a cell and activates transcription of the gene encoding the protein
Explanation
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when "too much" of a substance results in decreased production of the same or a different substance. If having too much of a protein in a cell results in decreased transcription of the gene encoding the protein, then the protein was regulated by negative feedback. Another example (not listed here) would be the presence of too much sugar in the blood and repression of the glucagon gene to reduce production of sugar by other tissues.
While insulin and glucagon act in a negative feedback system, the question specifically asks for negative feedback inhibition. Turning on genes for insulin or glucagon would play a role in negative feedback, but would qualify as stimulation rather than inhibition.
Carbohydrates are composed of which of the following elements?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen
Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen
Explanation
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, cellulose, and chitin. Carbohydrates can be organized into four chemical groups including: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The small carbohydrates called monosaccharides and disaccharides are typically referred to as sugars. Carbohydrates perform many roles in living organisms most notably energy and structural components (e.g. cellulose and chitin).
Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
Thermoregulation via sweating
Childbirth contractions via oxytocin release
Blood clotting via fibrin action
Ovulation via the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge
Lactation via prolactin production
Explanation
Homeostasis is the tendency of a system to maintain internal equilibrium. As such, negative feedback is a very important component of homeostasis because negative feedback loops are often self-regulating, and are usually very stable. Negative feedback processes result in reduction to change from equilibrium by inhibiting processes that deviate from equilibrium.
When body temperature rises, negative feedback through thermoregulation helps to cool the body back to equilibrium temperature. This is achieved through peripheral vasodilation, increased breathing rate, and sweating.
In contrast, positive feedback is when a process reinforces and amplifies deviations from equilibrium. The luteinizing hormone (LH) surge during ovulation and uterine contractions during child birth are rare examples of positive feedback in biology.
Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
Thermoregulation via sweating
Childbirth contractions via oxytocin release
Blood clotting via fibrin action
Ovulation via the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge
Lactation via prolactin production
Explanation
Homeostasis is the tendency of a system to maintain internal equilibrium. As such, negative feedback is a very important component of homeostasis because negative feedback loops are often self-regulating, and are usually very stable. Negative feedback processes result in reduction to change from equilibrium by inhibiting processes that deviate from equilibrium.
When body temperature rises, negative feedback through thermoregulation helps to cool the body back to equilibrium temperature. This is achieved through peripheral vasodilation, increased breathing rate, and sweating.
In contrast, positive feedback is when a process reinforces and amplifies deviations from equilibrium. The luteinizing hormone (LH) surge during ovulation and uterine contractions during child birth are rare examples of positive feedback in biology.
Which of the following processes is an example of negative feedback?
Regulation of body temperature
Childbirth
Breastfeeding
Fever
Blood clotting
Explanation
Negative feedback is the process of reestablishing a physiological set point. This is a corrective process. For example, during exercise, the body temperature increases. Negative feedback loops help bring the body temperature back down towards the set point of by stimulating perspiration, dilating blood vessels to the extremities, etc. Positive feedback works in a way that exacerbates the effects of a stimulus. For example, during blood clotting, platelets bunch together in the area surrounding a wound. This causes more platelets to "get stuck" on the existing clump of platelets, causing further clotting.