A New Way of Thinking

The Scientific Revolution (16th–17th centuries) transformed the way Europeans understood the world. Scientists like Galileo, Newton, and Kepler developed new methods for observation and experimentation, laying the groundwork for modern science.

The Enlightenment: Reason Rules

Building on scientific advances, the Enlightenment (18th century) promoted reason, individual rights, and skepticism of tradition. Philosophers such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau discussed how societies should be organized, influencing political revolutions and modern democracies.

Everyday Impact

These movements changed education, government, and technology. Core ideas, like the separation of powers and human rights, shape many modern societies.

Key Points

• Scientific method prioritized observation and evidence
• Enlightenment thinkers advocated for liberty and equality
• Inspired revolutions and reforms