Biochemistry
Study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
Genetic Information and Molecular Biology
How Cells Store and Use Instructions
Every living organism contains DNA, a molecule that holds the instructions for building and running the cell. Molecular biology explores how genetic information is stored, copied, and used to make proteins.
The Central Dogma
- DNA is transcribed into RNA.
- RNA is translated into proteins.
DNA Replication
- Ensures genetic information is passed to new cells.
Gene Expression
- Cells control which genes are active, allowing specialization.
Advances in this area have led to gene editing technologies and personalized medicine.
Key Formula
\[ \text{DNA} \xrightarrow{\text{transcription}} \text{RNA} \xrightarrow{\text{translation}} \text{Protein} \]
Key Formula
\[\text{DNA} \xrightarrow{\text{transcription}} \text{RNA} \xrightarrow{\text{translation}} \text{Protein}\]
Examples
CRISPR lets scientists edit genes to correct mutations.
Insulin for diabetes treatment is produced by genetically modified bacteria.
In a Nutshell
DNA's instructions are transcribed and translated to make the proteins that run our cells.